pious and moral life. Johanna Eleonora Petersen wrote about her conscious rejection of non-edifying activities such as dancing and drinking. And August Hermann Francke, who oversaw hundreds of children, developed numerous sets of lists and rules and was known to be somewhat moralistic about instituting them. It is not surprising that writers of history have equated Pietism with moralism given some of the above examples. Yet, as I will show in the succeeding chapters, this is only the surface of the